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An antibody's gene is cloned by restriction enzyme digestion, which is then followed by ligation, transformation, or transfection. Four basic processes are often involved in <a href="https://www.antibody-creativebiolabs.com/gene-cloning.htmrecombinant> DNA gene cloning: separation of the antibody's DNA, ligation, transfection (or transformation), and a screening/selection process.

DNA Isolation

The DNA fragment that has to be cloned needs to be extracted first. Often, restriction enzyme digestion or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) are used to isolate the antibody's DNA. An enzyme called a restriction enzyme can cleave double-stranded DNA at a certain sequence. The enzyme won't harm the nitrogenous bases and is capable of making two cuts, one across each strand of the double helix. The 1978 Nobel Prize was given to Daniel Nathans and Hamilton Smith for their discovery of restriction endonucleases.